不同沟垄覆盖下土壤水热效应对旱作马铃薯生长及产量的影响

针对宁南山区春季降雨少、低温不利于马铃薯出苗,而作物生育中后期高温胁迫限制马铃薯块茎形成导致减产等问题,于2016年设置垄覆地膜沟内覆盖塑料地膜(DM)、玉米秸秆(JG)、生物降解膜(SM)、麻纤维地膜(MM)、液态地膜(YM)及沟不覆盖(BM),以传统平作为对照(CK),研究沟垄覆盖模式对土壤温度、土壤水分、旱作马铃薯生长及块茎产量的影响.结果表明:处理DM,SM,MM和YM马铃薯生育期耕层土壤温度表现出增温效应,而处理JG和BM表现为降温效应,其中处理DM增温效果和处理JG降温效果最佳.处理YM,JG对马铃薯生长前期保水效果较好,分别较CK显著提高13.3%,27.0%,而处理JG,DM对生育中后期的保墒效果较佳,分别较CK显著提高22.4%,13.2%.处理JG可显著促进马铃薯生长,其增产效果最为显著,DM次之,分别较CK增产47.8%,44.8%,其他处理较CK差异不具有统计学意义.可见,在宁南山区实施垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆模式可调控土壤水热环境,对旱作马铃薯生长及增产效果最佳.     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

Isolation and Characterization of GhLEA3 Gene from Upland Cotton and Its Expression in Response to Low Temperature Stress

[Objective] Based on the analysis of cotton GhLEA3 gene structure and its expression model in chilling stress, we investigated the resistance function of GhLEA3 in response to cold stress. [Method] We cloned GhLEA3 from upland cotton by homologous sequence cloning way. We analyzed the properties of the GhLEA3, and constructed phylogenetic tree by bioinformatics analysis. We constructed the transient expression vector 35S∷GhLEA3-GFP by In-Fusion connection technology and studied the subcellular localization of GhLEA3. The expression of GhLEA3 gene in leaves of TM-1 at three-leaf stage under low temperature stress treatments (4 ℃, 24 h) was performed. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated floral dipping method was used to transform the gene with expression vector 35S∷GhLEA3-GFP into Arabidopsis thaliana wild type. Low temperature germination experiment at 4 ℃ was conducted to verify germination ability of the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana T₃ seed. The transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings were treated at 4 ℃(low temperature), and all the leaves were taken to measure their electrical conductivity. [Result] The coding sequence of GhLEA3 gene is 1 218 bp, which encodes 405 amino acids. GhLEA3 protein includes 4 functional domains of PF02987. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the similarity of amino acid sequences between upland cotton GhLEA3 and Arabidopsis thaliana AtLEA3 was 52.6%. GhLEA3 might be mainly localized in vacuoles and small vesicles. GhLEA3 was up-regulated in leaves after low temperature treatment. The germination rate of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana of T₃ generation at low temperature was significantly higher than that of wild type, and its electrical conductivity of leaves after low temperature treatment was significantly lower than that of wild type. [Conclusion] GhLEA3 belonged to the member of LEA3 family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that GhLEA3 had the closest relationship with AtLEA3. GhLEA3 was induced by low temperature stress and may play an important role in improving cold resistance.     

Evolution of spatial structure patterns of city networks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from the perspective of corporate pledge linkage

The pledge of stock rights is a method for measuring the external horizontal connections of enterprises, which is more suitable to represent the city network compared with the vertical connections of enterprises. Meanwhile, it is greatly significant to express the relationships of regional spaces. The paper characterizes and explores the evolution of urban spatial structure with complex network research methods to enrich the relevant works on city networks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2011 to 2017. The results are as follows: First, from 2011 to 2017, the pledge of stock rights among cities was enhanced significantly, and the trend of the city networks' characteristics become strengthened and more complicated. Second, cities in the Yangtze River Delta have relatively high connection values, however, cities in the western area are holding peripheral positions within the city network. Third, due to the advantages of economic agglomeration and radiation, the provincial capital have become the core nodes in the city network. Fourth, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Nanjing have dominant positions within city networks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Particularly, Shanghai, as one of the leading financial centers in China, has a growing influence on other cities and gradually evolved into a regional growth pole city and the first core city.     

不同覆盖方式对土壤肥力和马铃薯产量的影响

为了研究不同覆盖方式对土壤物理特性、有效养分以及马铃薯产量的影响，以早大白马铃薯为试验材料，设置常规露地（对照）和普通聚乙烯地膜、生物可降解膜、稻草3种覆盖方式，比较了不同时期土壤含水率、pH值、养分含量以及产量。结果表明：稻草覆盖保水效果最佳；生物可降解膜覆盖、稻草覆盖在马铃薯生长后期可提高土壤肥力，以生物可降解膜覆盖尤为明显，成熟期几乎所有速效养分指标均高于其他处理，与对照相比，土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别高出7.49 g/kg、23.00 mg/kg、11.0 mg/kg、26.0 mg/kg。综合成本效益，除了稻草覆盖由于小薯多而效益比对照降低22.2%外，普通聚乙烯地膜覆盖和生物可降解膜覆盖比对照效益分别提高29.7%和24.2%。总之，普通聚乙烯地膜和生物可降解膜均可提高马铃薯产量和效益，但生物可降解地膜覆盖还可以改善土壤养分状况，减少环境污染，更具有推广价值。     

Identification and verification of quantitative trait loci for eating and cooking quality of rice (Oryza sativa)

This study was conducted to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that have stable effects for eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. Three recombinant inbred line populations of indica rice were each planted in two years. Three traits for ECQ, amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV), were measured for QTL analysis. A total of 13 QTLs were detected, including four for AC, six for ASV and three for GC. Two QTLs, qGC4 in the interval RM16252–RM335 on the short arm of chromosome 4 and qGC6.2 in the Alk region, were validated in a population derived from a residual heterozygote that was homozygous at the major locus Wx. In the absence of segregation at the Wx locus, qGC4 and qGC6.2 had additive effects of 2.46 and 8.18 mm, respectively, offering a potential for improving GC property of rice varieties. Comparison between qGC4 and previous results suggests that qGC4 is likely a new QTL for GC, providing a candidate for gene cloning and functional characterization.     

30%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂对甜玉米田杂草的防效及安全性

研究30%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂在甜玉米田的应用效果,在甜玉米不同叶龄期开展田间试验,评价其对杂草的防除效果及对甜玉米的安全性。结果表明,30%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂在甜玉米3～4叶期或6～7叶期施药,900～1 575 g a.i./hm2剂量范围内对甜玉米品种粤甜28安全,对玉米田常见杂草凹头苋、光头稗、马唐和香附子的防效及增产效果均显著高于对照药剂38%莠去津悬浮剂2 160 g a.i./hm2播后苗前处理。推荐30%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂在900～1 350 g a.i./hm2范围内,甜玉米3～5叶期茎叶喷雾使用。     

施氮量对豫北冬小麦产量及子粒主要矿质元素含量的影响

以兰考矮早8、豫麦49-198和平安8号为材料,设置5个氮素水平（0、120、180、240、360kg/hm ²）,研究不同施氮量对豫北冬小麦子粒产量及其N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明：子粒中N与B（r=0.879）、N与Mg（r=0.858）、Mg与Zn（r=0.871）、Mg与B（r=0.877）含量间相关系数较高。施氮显著提高了子粒N、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、B含量,K、Mg含量受施氮量影响较小,但P和Mn含量明显下降。兰考矮早8子粒中各种矿质元素（除B外）含量明显高于平安8号,豫麦49-198介于二者之间。施氮在提高小麦子粒产量的同时降低了P/Ca、P/Mg、P/Fe和P/Zn的值,增强了Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的生物有效性。此外,研究发现施氮量达到180kg/hm ²后,继续增施氮肥小麦产量难以提升。可见,合理的氮肥管理可以提高豫北地区冬小麦产量及子粒中微量元素的含量;过量施氮不仅难以提高子粒产量,还会降低子粒P和Mn的含量。     

长江中下游地区棉花涝灾渍害预防及灾后管理技术

针对我国长江中下游地区因梅雨季节阴雨时间长、降水量大而集中常常引发涝灾和造成棉花渍害的现象,总结提出了一系列棉花防涝防渍及灾后田间管理技术措施与要求,以期为长江中下游地区棉农提供技术指导,促进当地棉花产业的发展和植棉效益的提高。     

气候变化情景下毛竹潜在分布及动态预测

为探究毛竹的潜在分布及其动态变化，并确定对其分布起主导作用的环境变量，文章基于MaxEnt预测模型，利用环境变量图层及316个毛竹分布点数据研究毛竹地理分布的变化。结果显示：1）限制毛竹分布的主要环境变量为最干月降水量、年均降水量、最冷月最低温、年平均温、温度年较差和海拔；2）当前毛竹的潜在适生区主要位于中国东南部，与亚热带季风气候区大致重叠，高适生区主要位于总适生区的东部和西北部；3）在未来气候情景下，毛竹总适生区面积有所缩减，各不同等级适生区面积变化大，其中高适生区面积大幅度缩减。研究获得的毛竹适生区变化趋势可为毛竹培育、引种以及入侵防治提供参考。